Heyn February 23, German will vote in its national elections. Some recent elections indicate that governing centralist and center-left parties may face major defeat, in which Orthodox Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Germany for distant options (AFD) to first and second place It was expected to live. This election would be an important moment for Europe’s largest economy, the European Union (EU) political and economic anchor.
Despite being under surveillance by AFD, German domestic intelligence services, “to carry forward the goals against some groups and the goals against democracy,” has voted more than 20% and a high-high-high-high-high-high Profiles and controversial support. Support from US Vice President JD Vance. In his speech, accepting nomination as AFD candidate for Chancellor, AFD leader Ellis Wadel declared Cheers that in addition to supporting large -scale exile, or “rimigation”, AFD European Union’s Climate Policies, attacks, attacks, attacks. Will close diversity measures and Germany borders. Leaving the previous support of AFD for a German exhaust from the European Union, such policies will still be deeply converted into the union of Germany, and, given its central position, change the nature of the European Union.
“Europe,” an idea and a political and economic project, a long, dynamic history that is shaped by debate on the nature and range of integration. Today, far-flung parties like AFD want to embrace a different model, which rejects political integration in favor of an economic association on the lines of post-wise integration. In doing so, they emphasize national sovereignty on a departure from today’s European Union, a supernational European identity. They want to convert the European Union into an institution, which in favor of nationalist politics through radical reunion of the powers of the European Union, limits collective action, and empowering individual member states. If done, these reforms will fundamentally put European politics into a new course.
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The ideas of European integration are long exist as the European Union. After the First World War and the fascination of the First World War and the German and Austro-Hungaryian Empires, in 1923, the count Richard von Codenhov-Calegi, the Czech Citizen and the son of an Austro-Hungerian Noble Diplomat, established the “Penuropa” movement, which to inform the “Penuropa” movement There is an initial effort. A vision of a pan-european association. Recognizing the need for Europe for political and economic unity to compete with other world powers, the federation of COUDENHove-Kaleergi. The federation of COUDENHOVE-Kaleergi. And united the continental empires falling in the Economic Association. While he attained followers among the European conservatives, the Penuropa movement was banned by Nazi Germany.
Religious ideology also played an important role in the concepts of other European unity of the 20th century. The German concept of “Abandland,” means “Christian West”, linked in the Carolingian Empire of King Sharleman and emphasized Christian unity against “former”. Amidst world wars, many mainly Catholic political proponents of the Abandland idea were not supporters of democracy, nor of the Economic Association of Penuropa. Instead, he demanded the creation of a political union based on shared moral and religious values in Western Europe, defined by an anti -liberal, modern and hierarchical political system.
However, immense destruction by Nazi Germany’s violent continental orders during World War II inspired the post -European integration to embrace democratic principles. The approach was formed with the priorities of the United States during the Early Cold War, which was to protect West Germany from the future struggle, incorporating in an international order. The period after the period was observed in western Europe, the spread of supernatural integrations projects. The two were the two most important European Economic Communities (EEC) focused on economic integration, established in 1957 as the European Union in 1992, and the European Free Trade Association established in 1960 (EFTA) .
The EEC was anchored at the Post-wise Franco-German Alliance and was out of the 1951 agreement regulating coal and steel industries in Western Europe. This established a general market for general trade with a shared European law between external tariffs and member states on non-EEC members. The EFTA led by Britain did not form an integrated external tariff policy, establishing a general market for trade nor a supernational system of law for coordination of its members. Despite these differences, both EEC and EFTA preferred economic integration as a condition for political integration.
Other, more radical proposals for European unity were instead instead called for complete, political integration for economic integration. Oswald Mosley, one of the most radical vision, was proposed by the leader of the former British Fascist Party, who argued for “Europe a Nation” in the 1940s and 50s – the complete economic and political integration of Europe in a single state in a single state European colonies were also integrated. Africa in a single unit under apartheid to maximize the efficiency of resource extraction.
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While EEC pursued a solid policy of economic integration through its general market, it was also inspired by the common political commitments of its founders. Many of the founding father of EEC were Christian Democrats, such as Germany’s first post -wise Chancellor Konrad Adenora of CDU, who regularly called for Abandland And talked about re -establishing German and European politics on the spiritual foundation of Western Christianity. Catholicism inspired by Catholicism, a central right to political ideology, known as “Christian Democracy”, emphasized politics in the third way between Soviet communism and American capitalism. He sought to create a European social market economy, which combined Catholic social teaching -inspired capitalist competition and social welfare. The founder of EEC dominated decades, Christian democracy, and lives, the most important force in the European Parliament.
The EEC founder Treaty committed members to pursue the “ever close association”, and the subsequent development in the European Union was characterized by expanding the powers and policies that deepened the political and economic integration of their members. Has done, such as democratic elections for European started in Parliament in 1979, the construction of the Schengen area in 1985, which ended the boundary control between the member states, and in 1999 the Euro of Euro The beginning has expanded the powers of the European Union, so its perceptions are a slow and bureaucratic institute, which applies to the sovereignty of member states, arguments that have been faced in the 2016 Brexit referendum and which regularly AFDs like Euroseptic The parties are quoted, which are opposed to the European Union- Anti-Anti- Democratic.
Now, in the recognition of Britain’s economic decline, as a result of their departure, the emphasis between parties on European integration has gone away from the exhaust referendum in support of re -formation of the European Union and its institutions. This new emphasis should not be seen as a moderation, but rather as a test reading of political winds, which purely indicate to become a serious governing force rather than the opposition.
Evidence of this trend can be seen in Italy and the Netherlands, where far-flung parties have entered the government and have rejected the previous support for the membership public opinion collection for cooperation with the center-rights conservatives. The AFD’s election program advocates for a return to “Fatherlands’ to return to Europe” that would limit the powers of the European Union with the aim of returning “sovereignty” in individual states. Their vision of a new “European Economic and Interest Community” is recently a general market Economic Association, eliminating the euro as a shared currency, demands national autonomy in security policy for restrictive immigration measures, and we Attack on what they consider as an overcrowding as a bureaucracy of the European Union.
A Europe of “The Fatherlands” as the AFD proposal will return the clock and leave the aspects of political integration of the European Union. While the European Union opponents are often associated with progressivism to the Union on a distance, growing in European politics and support for far-flung parties such as AFD challenges these more recent perceptions. There are some roots in conservative and reactionary politics in the creation of the European Union. Indeed, we have seen such reactionary Europe in the past and can be again in the future.
Ivan Richardson is a PhD student in history at the University of Virginia and first receives a master in British history from the University of Oxford. He researches the political and intellectual history of European integration.
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