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There are concerns that comprehensive use of fungi to spray agricultural crops can cause fungus resistance to similar compounds used in medicine.Credit: Andry Yalanski/Getty
CAndida Auris There is a terrible yeast. This was first identified in 2009 in a Tokyo’s inflamed ear canal of septuazanerian -based septuazanerian.1Within a decade, researchers found yeast among sick people around the world. C. Oris Often disinfectant and antifungal drugs are resistant, and can be difficult to kill. It will be infected between 30% and 60% people.
About 3.8 million people die each year of infection C. Oris And other fungi. The annual deaths due to fungal infections in the last decade have almost doubled.
Emergence Candida Aris
Pathogenic fungi faces unique challenges, and to overcome them will require an innovative approach to both science and policy. Nevertheless, despite the growing global threat by drug-resistant fungi, such infection rarely grows up in the discussion of antimicrobial resistance. Two World Health Organization (WHO) report published this month (see) go.nature.com/3rniybw) – The first analysis of the organization of testing and treatment for fungal infection – exposes the result of that neglect. Only three drugs to deal with fungi that pose the greatest threat to human health are in late phase clinical trials. Researchers, policy makers and industry must quickly work together to increase the treatment pipeline and protect the power of antifungal drugs in advance.
Severe fungi infections usually strike the weakest people, such as weaker immune systems or people with chronic respiratory conditions. Better, cheap tests are required to diagnose timely fungus infections, and to determine whether fungi are responsible drug resistant. Diagnosis is often delayed, especially in lower and moderate-oriented countries, where fungal infections are common. This can lead to improper treatment and contribute to resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
It is also difficult to design such drugs. Fungal cells are similar to human cells compared to bacteria, suggest that an antifungal compound can also be toxic for people. And the lessons learned from bacterial antimicrobial resistance are not always applied: when the drug resistance emerges in fungi, it often does this through the molecular system that is different from those who use bacteria to remove antibiotics.
Candida Yeast cells imaged with a scanning electron microscope.Credit: Steve GSCHMESSNER/Spl
This means that it is important to invest in basic research so that better understand which cellular routes can be targeted in fungi without harming human cells. Last month, for example, researchers reported a compound created by bacteria that targets fungus cell membrane through a new mechanism, yet there is relatively non-type for human cells developed in culture.2Meanwhile, the study of fungi genetics, with emerging pathogenic strains and drug resistance -will be important to detect the design of new antifungal drugs.
New antifungal broke mold
Drug-resistant fungal infections are quite rare, it is difficult and expensive to study them. What is more, people who contract severe fungus infections often have other health conditions that can make it difficult to determine the safety of an experimental treatment. One way to facilitate clinical trials will be to establish clinical trial networks covering multiple institutions. These network protocols and diagnostic tools can standardize, as well as attract participants from a wide geographical area.
Perhaps the biggest policy challenge must address a major potential source of drug resistance: agriculture. Some antifungal drugs are similar to fungicide that farmers spray to protect crops, so comprehensive use of fungi can cause fungus resistance to similar compounds used in the drug. To overcome this problem, stakeholders will need to join together and find ways of protection of both food security and human health.
Some countries are already taking steps in this direction. India has banned two antibiotics from using for plant protection, as options that pose a low risk of human anhysting are available. The US Environmental Protection Agency has included the risks of promoting resistance to antifungal in assessing the possible health effects of new fungi.
Global Warming can lead to the emergence of new fungal pathogens
And, earlier this year, representatives of five European Union Health and Environmental Agencies published a report on the threat that fungi in agriculture is used for a section of drugs used to treat infection. Asparajillus Fungus3In these drugs, the compounds in which Azole are called Azole are also used in fungicidal, veterinary drugs, wood patrons and cosmetics. Asparajillus The species are rapidly resistant to them.
The group highlighted several methods in which the country can work to preserve the utility of Ezole. These included effective management of agricultural and industrial waste, and the approval for Ezole fungi was to add new requirements to the process. Agencies advocated support for research in new fungi who would not overlap with human treatment. Both the European Union and the WHO report have exposed a litni of open research questions that should be addressed. It is now important that industry, government and philanthropic funds work together so that researchers need the resources required to fill these intervals.
So far, scientists have still not determined what has been pushed C. Oris To appear so fast in hospitals around the world. Genetic studies suggest that the ability of yeast to infect humans has developed several times independently in different fields. Some researchers are concerned that it may be more fungi towards being dangerous in the circumstances that encourage it. If yes, it will be even more important to be ready.
